Japan, whose "lost decade" began just as its labor forcestarted to shrink in the late 1980s, now appears to be not an exception, but avanguard of Asian demographics.

日本“失去的十年”开始于八十年代末，当时其劳动力正开始缩水。 如今看来这不是特例，更像是亚洲国家中的先行者。

youdao

What is clear is that in countries such as Japan, Germany and Italy, which are all troubled by the demographics of shrinking populations, far fewer women work than in America, let alone Sweden.

显然，在诸如日本，德国，意大利这样被人口的日益缩减所困扰的国家，外出工作的女性比美国同类女性要少的多，更不用说与瑞典相比了。

youdao

I ask because deflation in Japan is a well-established fact of life, and Japan's demographics are likely to reinforce expectations of falling prices.

我这样问是因为通货紧缩在日本已经是公认的事实，而且日本的人口特征可能加强日本物价下跌的预期。

youdao

This hardening of the mind raises an interesting question when combined with a broad global trend: the demographics of aging populations in Europe, Japan, the United States, and other high income countries.

FORBES: The Rising Silver Tide: Aging as Counter Current to Innovation

Japan faces a lot of challenges, such as poor demographics, ongoing deflationary pressures and the worst debt dynamics in the world.

FORBES: What's Next For Japan: The Short and Long Term

Japan, with the highest debt burden of all, weak growth and terrible demographics, ought to have lost investors' confidence long ago, but thanks to a pliant domestic saver base, falls somewhere in between.

ECONOMIST: Tightening economic policy